![]() There is further agreed that a lower 2D:4D-ratio, understood as a proxy of prenatal higher testosterone and lower estrogen concentrations, does not mechanically and linearly lead to higher physical performance or even to “better” personality traits and, thus, to a more goal-oriented assertive behavior. Further, when investigating 2D:4D-ratios among professional elite performers, it appears that a lower 2D:4D-ratio was associated with higher objectively assessed performance. A meta-analysis on this topic showed that compared to typically developing children, children with CAH had lower 2D:4D-ratios, and thus more “masculinized” 2D:4D-ratios. Evidence comes from studies on congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a neuroendocrine dysregulation associated with an increase in the size of the fetal adrenal glands and an elevated level of fetal androgens. There is consistent evidence from animal and human studies that prenatal exposure to higher testosterone concentrations and lower estrogen concentrations during the first trimester of embryonal and fetal development leads to a lower 2D:4D-ratio. A lower 2D:4D-ratio equals a shorter index finger, relative to the ring finger a higher 2D:4D-ratio equals a longer index finger, relative to the ring finger. The relation between the lengths of the index finger (2D) and the lengths of the ring finger (4D) is called the 2D:4D-ratio. Given this background, the following theoretical foundations and hypotheses were examined. Specifically, there is some evidence that individuals exposed prenatally to higher testosterone and lower estrogen concentrations might have a better physical performance as children, adolescents (but see also for opposite results), and adults. The constancy and male gender appeared to be associated with lower 2D:4D-ratios.Īmong highly skilled elite performers, it appears that striving for excellence is associated with a combination of physical and psychological factors. Lower 2D:4D-ratios were associated with higher constancy scores and the male gender. Higher DT scores were modestly associated with higher MT scores among females, but not among males. Irrespective of gender, and based on correlational computations, 2D:4D-ratios were unrelated to the dark triad (DT) and mental toughness (MT) scores. Female and male participants did not differ as regards dark triad traits and mental toughness traits. Compared to male participants, female participants had a higher 2D:4D-ratio. t-tests, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple regression analysis were performed to analyze data. Participants also provided a scan of their right palm hand to measure and calculate 2D:4D-ratios. A total of 460 active young adults (mean age: 24.81 years 67% females) completed a series of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information and traits of the dark triad and mental toughness. We further investigated possible gender differences. Here, we tested if 2D:4D-ratios were related to specific personality traits. However, athletes also report specific personality traits such as mental toughness, assertiveness, and competitive behavior. Compared to non-active, athletes show lower 2D:4D ratios. There is consistent evidence that prenatal exposures to higher testosterone and lower estrogen concentrations during the first trimester of embryonal and fetal development are associated with a lower 2D:4D-ratio, which is to say: The index finger (2D) is shorter, compared to the ring finger (4D). ![]() Overall, there is evidence that prenatal exposure to androgen hormones and personality traits in adulthood appear to be related, though, in a different fashion between male and female adults. (4) Males with lower 2D:4D-ratios were mentally tougher. (3) Females with more “dark” personality traits had a higher ability to perform consistently under stress and pressure such females were mentally tougher. Next, (2) active females and males had similar personality and mental toughness traits. We showed that (1) males had lower 2D:4D ratios than females. In the present study, we assessed 460 physically active young male and female adults. Further, a higher exposure to androgen hormones is associated with higher masculine traits. A higher exposure to testosterone and a lower exposure to estrogen hormones are associated with a lower 2D:4D-ratio. A lower 2D:4D-ratio mirrors a longer ring finger (4D), relative to the index finger (2D) a higher 2D:4D-ratio mirrors a shorter ring finger (4D), relative to the index finger (2D). There is evidence that the exposure to more testosterone and less estrogen hormones before birth, that is, in utero, has a physiological impact on the relation between the index finger (2D) and the ring finger (4D). ![]()
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